Is Journalistic Objectivity Really Possible in British Society?

Introduction to Journalism End of Module Assessment Module leader Prof. Frank MacMahon schoolchild Fabio Scarpello Student number 10182824 Report title Is Journalistic objectivity re all in ally possible in British society. Notes Words 2,275 Pages nine ( )= Reference to condition in bibliography Introduction Objectivity is the standard to which every journalist should aspire. In this report I analyse the reporting of the atomic number 63an Union (EU) summit in adept held between the 7th and the 11th declination 2000. My aim is to under fund whether objectivity has been achieved. I exit focus on The Guardian and The cable, (both replaced by their temperatenessday newspapers on the 10th) and, to a lesser extent, on The Sun. My scrutiny will start the 8th and continue for five days. The report will look at Coverage expulsion Use of pictures EditorialTo gain an independent view of the issues discussed, I relied on the BBC, (EU Guidelines), and kept its indication as my benchmark. Accordingly they are Charter of Rights (54 rights for every EU citizen) Drop of National Vetoes, replaced by Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) for most endings (Blair pledged to maintain six called blood-red lines on tax, social security, immigration, accordance amendments, EU budget and border control) Re-weighting of the Council of Minister vote. Due to its importance and controversy, I included the Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Friday 8th Broadsheets base ample coverage to the meridian, with cost prominence. Front-page articles are similar. Headlines are coherent in condemning Chirac while the contents concentrate on the different aspirations for the RRF between France (who advocate operational independence from NATO) and owing(p) Britain (who wants at hand(predicate) co-ordination with NATO). Comments from Government and opposition appear in both. The similitude ends with reports of the pre-summit disturbances. Different is the approach to the Charter.The Tel egraphs tone is critical, comments however are balanced with Byrne (Irish EU commissioner) who highlights weakness in its draft, and Fontaine (EU Parliament president) who wants it incorporated in European law. The Guardian sees it as a triumph for Britain and voices its optimism with Vaz (European minister) who plays down Tories worries of a European Constitution. The importance of maintaining topic vetoes is the main point of the Telegraphs last article, while The Guardian ends with the gains of widening the EU eastwards.Editorials reflect the broadsheets different political stance. The Guardian advocates the UKs advantages in flipping its veto on immigration, while The Telegraph reports on the intention of the Anti-EU party to attack labour at next general election. The Sun coverage is also comprehensive. The tone is more direct (Blair war on Chirac), but still covers the RRF (comments from Blair and two conservative ministers), riots and Charter with comment from Jaspin (Fren ch PM) who advocates its legal status. The political line is clear in the commentary and in the editorial.Kavanagh (political commentator) sarcastically highlights the division within the EU leaders. The editorial tone gets almost menacing it begins with Tony on Trial and it ends with He dares not re chip home if he gives up any of them (red lines) Saturday 9th Coverage and prominence are again similar with both broadsheets trade winding with the RRF in depth. Comments from Cook, Cohen (US defence secretary) and Smith (shadow defence secretary) appear in both. The Telegraph strengths its critics with Pearle (US former politician) who says this is a catastrophe for NATO (Euro force still. ) .The Guardian, in its defence, uses Chirac and Solana (MEP) who states, It is not a bane to NATO, we are not trying to make an EU army (Chirac gives way). Vetoes are mentioned in both and it is interesting the different use of the analogous picture. In The Guardian it reads, veto cloning (page 7) in The Telegraph only veto (page 11). The latter could be seen as a warning to Blair against dropping vetoes, whilst it is a hold out against human cloning. The Sun coverage is poor with a single article. Scepticism against the RRF is expressed by Kavanagh not convinced of Cook reassurance of its real co-operation with NATO.Sunday 10th two Sunday newspapers (Observer and Sunday Telegraph) comprehensively cover the summit with front-page articles and inside page focuses however the Observer wins the quantity battle. The Telegraph front-page headline sets the trend Blair isolated in EU as splendid turns frightening. Within the article the RRF is not mentioned while the vetoes, Charter and the re-weighting are analysed. Blair isolation is judged a consequence of his attempt to cumber the red lines. thither is also space for the Government intention to give up 17 vetoes in order to streamline the EU decision-making process.Still in the Telegraph, for the head start time, is men tioned a clause in The Charter (article 7) deemed as kick upstairs embarrassment to Blair (Blair threatens to) which gives the EU the power to investigate, censor and recommend a change in the law, to countries considered in breach of fundamental rights. The Charter is further criticised in a separate article for its moral and religious values. Several high rank ecclesiastics define it as Godless and a way to make easier for homosexual couples to adopt children (Catholic Bishops say).The problems arisen by the EU re-weighting are seen as a blessing to Blair who, convey to them, hides his difficulties. The Observer front-page headline British police for Euro army counterbalances the Telegraph, giving ample coverage to the RRF. The accent shifts, presenting it as a police force rather than an army. The red lines feature with a difference shift as well(p) Sweden is seen as backing Blair on tax and social security, and the PM voices, for the first time, his intention to drop nationa l veto on immigration. Charter and the re-weighting are covered in a re-cap article on page 5. The focuses are different in angle and size.The Sunday Telegraph devotes a page, covering every issue in a chronological order of discussion (RRF, Charter, veto, re-weighting). Blair isolation is emphasised, and his interpretation of the summit, is ridiculed Mr Blair can give an interpretation to the British people. That does not mean that the rest of us have to believe it (Here is a Nice mess). In this case it is attributed to a diplomatist and refers to the Charter, but, according to The Telegraph, it could be applied to every issue. RRF and Charter are presented as carrying a hidden agenda, which will lead to a EU army and a constitution.Blair handling is considered weak and partially saved by general chaos. Symptomatic is the closing sentence It was an unhappy summit for Mr Blair but he was not unsocial at Nice there were no achievers. The Observer focus owes its title, Europe- the elephant test to HagueIf it look like an elephant and sounds like an elephant then, it is an elephant you re dealing with. It relies on pro-European academics to highlight a new vision of superstate, shaped by globalisation. European identity is already being shaped by a globalisation of culture as a shared sense of European values.This cultural aspect seems to be The Observer starting point. Its reasoning builds on with the ineluctability of the process we live in a world where layers of governance overlap says Hobsbawm, while Prodi (EU Commission president) stresses It is the only way our nations can express themselves in a globalised world. There is not a conclusive definition of superstate it vaguely states that it is a new entity, different to anything seen before. The report lacks comments from anti-European academics. The editorials do not leave space to misinterpretation.The Sunday Telegraph titles it solely again and labels the Government European politics as naive. The Obs erver instead gives voice to Palmer (Director of European Policy Centre) who advocates a closer European integration (Europe not amused). Monday 11th The main daily issue is the re-weighting. Prominence is equal but the Guardian gives more coverage. The tone remains the same with the Telegraph portraying the difficulties of reaching a decision, while The Guardian applauds Blair for its success. The respective headlines mirror the core of the articles. EU leaders scrambles to fix a deal prints the Telegraph on its front page.It concentrates on the squabble and difficulty of the re-weighting procedure using quotes from states PM. Words as chaos and crises are repeated. Worth noticing, in the same article the concession to Blair for holding to the red lines, even if the PM is reported saying that due to Tory pressure he had no space for manoeuvre. inner(a) page articles keep the same tone and issue. A failed appeal to EU leaders by Blair for help in Sierra Leon, makes in print in the Telegraph, while is omitted in The Guardian (Blair troops). Blair holds on to key vetoes is The Guardian headline.In this article the recurrent words are victory and triumph. The report uses a oftentimes mellower tone in describing the difficulty encountered. The Guardian coverage, in its entirety is more comprehensive with information on EU Parliament seat relocation and on the planning of the Inter-Governmental Conference of 2004 neither reported in The Telegraph. Both editorials criticise the summit but for opposite reasons. The Guardian claims that a superstate is very far. Nice is judged a failure due to politicians, including Blair, too concerns with their domestic interest (Naughty Nice).The Telegraph says that Nice has failed in its main objective (enlargement) and labels it as a federalising treaty that has taken giant strides towards closer integration (The universe of Nice). The Telegraph editorial line is mirrored in the letter to the editor Mr Garrod preoccupation tha t a future European superstate would suffer the fate of Yugoslavia and Soviet Union gets published. The Sun coverage is good but fails in prominence (pages 8 and 9). The leading article (Fiasco in France) deals with the difficulties of the re-weighting, blaming Chirac.An increase in the number of EU commissioners and MEP are reported (overlooked in the broadsheet). A separate article credits Blair for holding on to vetoes. Plaudits to the PM are also mentioned in the editorial, even if it is considered only a won battle in a long war. EU difficulties are the core issue in the commentary (40 years of Euro) in which the lack of popular consent for integration is seen as the main reason of failure. Tuesday twelfth Prominence and coverage is similar with the braoasheet now using the summit as an elections tool. The Telegraphs headline Blair sold us unawares in Nice denounces an unsatisfactory outcome.In it Hague reinforce his point of major steps towards a EU susperstate and pledges no t to ratify the treaty, if elected. The possibility of a referendum to decide on it is also mentioned in a further article (Tories would put) where comments from Conservatives are only partially balanced by a sentence from Kennedy (LD). QMV and re-weighting are well covered on page 4. Mentioned also are enhanced co-operation (possibility for members who want further integration to go ahead) and demographic bar (second majority required for decision making in EU council of ministers based on percentage of EUs population).Worth noticing that this percentage is reported at 62% by the three newspapers and 74. 6 by the bbcnews. com Charter and RRF are neglected. The Guardian titles Tories left floundering by EU deal and looks at the election in buoyant mood. The summit is seen as a Blair victory in a further article (Blair balancing act ) in which the use of a picture gives the PM and his aids an almost sumptuous look. Interesting is the assumption by Blair that it is the Conservatives who are politically isolated in Europe.Re-weighting and red lines are analysed with predominantly pro-European comments. Blair vision of inter-governmental Europe (decision making held by a core of nations and not the EU institution) is deemed closer (mentioned also in The Telegraph). The Telegraphs commentary is even handed (Blair battle tale). Worries of a closer EU integration are balanced with approval of Blair handling of red lines and RRF. The Guardian instead goes as far as to regrets Blair for not brassy more (Nice enough) The Sun uses a picture to effectively illustrate the summit s marathon (page 2).It criticise Blair presumed guilty of having agreed to a treaty, which gives more bureaucracy, secrecy and dodgier decision making (What Blair has). The editorial credits itself as the PM guiding light through the summit, and claims that only its pressure has prevented Blair to agree to further pro-European movements. The summits decisions are covered in an easy to read our lo sses and gain section. Conclusion Impartiality in the UK is demanded of Radio and TV broadcasts. It is enshrined in their codes of conduct and enforced by their respective controlling bodies.Due impartiality and prominence have to be achieved as a legal requirement (Public Broadcast Act, 1990). There is not such a requirement for newspapers. The National Union Of Journalist solicits journalist to strive that the information disseminated is fair and accurate (NUJ code of conduct 29/06/1994), but does not mention any duty to political independence. Furthermore the Press Complaint Commission states that newspapers are free to be partisan (PCC grave of Conduct December 1999) On this basis, it is without surprise that the conclusion of this report is that objectivity in the newspapers analysed has not been achieved.Editorials are clear in their political stance, with articles only rarely contradicting it. Reports are given different spins and angle, which result in biased information. Comments from political figure get different prominence depending on the paper orientation. Worth mentioning is that journalistic objectivity has been further damaged since publishing has been incorporated in a globalised financial world. The system derived from this development is based on oligopoly and cross ownership, which are two more stumbling block for editorial independence. This scenario leaves little space to ethical, idealistic code of conducts.In supporting my conclusion I would use R. Fowler comments that news is not a inwrought phenomenon but a product of an industry, and therefore shaped by bureaucratic, economic structures, government and political organisations (Mac Nair B. , 1999, 36). Bibliography The Guardian Friday 8th December 2000 dim I. , M. White and R. Norton Taylor Chirac widens kick downstairs on defence (Page 1) Henley J. , Police injured as street riots greets leaders (Page 6) Black I. , East grows tired of waiting game (Page 7) Comment section apology Europe Wodlacott M. , France versus the mighty AmericansThe Telegraph Friday 8th December 2000 Jones G. , A. Evans-Pritchard Chirac angers Blair by backing EU army (Pages 1 and 2) Evans-Pritchard A. Dont mess with our tax veto, Blair tells EU allies (Page 4) Jones G. A. Evans-Pritchard Irish Commissioner says basic rights charter is badly drafted (Page 4) La Guarda A. Tear gas and riots greet Europe leaders (Page 5) The Sun Friday 8th December 2000 Kavanagh T. Blair has to turn nasty at Nice talks (Page 1) Kavanagh T. Blair war on Chirac (Pages 8 and 9) The Sun says section Tory on trial (Page 8)The Guardian Saturday 9th December 2000 White M. , I. Black Blair feels heat over EU vetoes (Pages 1 and 2) Cole P. Tale of two Britain and two summits (Page 6) Black I. Chirac gives way in row with Blair over NATO (Page 7) The Telegraph Saturday 9th December 2000 Evans-Pritchard A. , G. Jones Blair deserted by EU allies in veto struggle (Page 1) La Guardia A. Euro force still cause of division (Page 11) The Sun Saturday 9th December 2000 Kavanagh T. , P. Gilfeather Chirac rips up the rule book (Page 2) Kavanagh T. Sounding the retreat Y (Page 2)The Observer Sunday 10th December 2000 Ahmes K. , D. Staunton British police for Euro army (Pages 1 and 2) Ahmed K. , D. Staunton How it turned nasty at Nice (Page 5) Palmer J. Europe not amused by this French farce (Page 5) Beumont P. , D. Staunton and A. Osborn Europe the elephant test (Pages 16 and 17) Comment section Europe will never be a superstate (Page 28) The Sunday Telegraph 10th December 2000 spud J. , J. Coman Blair isolated in EU as Nice turns nasty (Pages 1 and 4) Petre J. Catholic bishops say EU charter ignores God (Page 4) Murphy J. , J.Coman Here is a Nice mess (Page 20) Comment section Alone again Murphy J. , J. Coman Blair threatens to wreck treaty over tax policies (Page 4) The Guardian Monday 11th December 2000 Black I. , M. White Blair holds on to UKs key vetoes (Page 1) Black I. Europes big four pull rank on minnows (Page 4) Black I. Focus turns to power split (Page 4) Comment section Naughty at Nice fancy C. Jeaux sans frontiers (G2 Section Pages 8 and 9) The Telegraph Monday 11th December 2000 Evans-Pritchard A. , G. Jones EU leaders scramble to fix a deal (Page 1) Jones J. A. Evans-Pritchard A marathon with jostling all the way (Page 4) Evans-Pritchard A. , Vote grab by the Big Five leaves smaller states outgunned and outraged (Page 4) Mc Smith A. Blair troops appeal fails (Page 4) Comment section The reality of Nice (Page 19) Letter to the Editor Swift victory on Euro army may be Pyrrhic (Page 19) The Sun Monday 11th December 2000 Kavanagh T. Fiasco in France (Pages 8 and 9) Kavanalagh T. 40 years of Euro waffle now reality sets in (Pages 8 and 9) The Guardian Tuesday12th December 2000 White M. , I.Black Tories left floundering by EU deal (Pages 1 and 2) Black I. How big powers won big benefits (Page 6) Henley J. Europe points finger at Chirac (Pages 6) White M. Blair balancing act tips election scales (Page 7) Young H. Everyone was a winner at the battle of Nice (Page 24) Comment section Nice enough The Telegraph Tuesday 12th December 2000 Jones G. Blair sold us short at Nice says Hague (Page 1) Jones G. Blairs battle tales hide truth of victory (Page 4) Evans-Pritchard A. Germany becomes first among equals (Page 4) Helm T. H. Quetterville Schroder hailed for back door coup (Page 4) Kallenbach M. Tories would put new treaty to a referendum (Page 14) The Sun Tuesday 12th December 2000 Kavanagh T. What Blair has really given us (Page 2) The Sun say section Blair owes us (Page 8) Kavanagh T. French farce (Page 8) htpp//www. bbcnews. com EU Guidelines (07 December 2000) htpp//www. bbcnews. com EU Summit at a glance (12 December 2000) htpp//www. bbcnews. com EU Analysis (11 December 2000) Background Reading Curren J. , J. Seaton (1991) Power without responsibility.The press and broadcasting in Britain. London, Routledge Mc Nair B. , (1999) news show and Journalism in the UK. New York, Routledge Wilson J. , (1996) Understanding Journalism. London, Routledge Stevenson N. , (1999) The transformation of the Media. Globalisation, morality and ethics. New York, Pearson Education Ltd. Branston G. , R. Stafford, (1991) The Media Students Book London, Routledge Material supplied by TVU Hilton A. , (1996) Report write London, Kogan Page Ltd UK Press Complaint Commission Code of Practise. ITC Guidelines. BBC Editorials Values. NUJ Code of Conduct

Investigatory Project in Biology

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUM) EXTRACT An Investigatory Research Presented to Mrs. Presented by CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study . Capsicum annuum is a domestic species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. chile has been a part of the human diet in the Americas since at least 7500 BC. There is archaeological evidence at sites located in southwestern Ecuador that chilli pepper peppers were domesticated more than than 6000 years ago and is one of the first cultivated crops in the Central and South Americas that is self-pollinating.The plant is a perennial, but usually bountiful as an annual, with a densely fork-like stem. The plant reaches 0. 51. 5 m (2060 in). The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilli fruit, and numerous varieties argon cultivated around the world. Despite being a single species, Capsicum annuum has many cultivars, with a variety of names. In Ameri outhouse face it is commonly known as a cayenne pepper pepper or buzzer pepper. Hot peppers ar used in medicine as thoroughly as food in Africa.It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and withal in atonic gout, indigestion accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna and scarlatina maligna, used either as a gargle or administered internally. In this research, antimicrobial activity of chili pass on be studied. Certain bacteria and fungal species leave be the focus of the experiment. bacterium such as Staphylococcus aureus and fungi like Trichophyton rubrum Statement of the ProblemThe main problem of this breeding is to determine the antimicrobial activity of chili (Capsicum annum) extract. This report also intends to answer the following. 1. The effectiveness of the chili extract as an antimicrobial. 2. The response of the bacteria species to the chili extract. 3. The response of the fungal species to the chili extract. Significance of the Study This study would add knowledge in the field of science. This would also be a help in further studies about plants as antimicrobial. Science students and science teachers can use this as a source for future research with regards to this study.The public would directly benefited by this study. Infections of bacteria and fungi to humans such as pimples, jocks foot, skin infection and diarrhea will be aided naturally. Since chili is cheap and highly available, people can easily get and pull ahead antimicrobial extract from chili. Moreover, this study may as well be use by future researchers as a resource material. Scope and bound of the Study This research would make use extract from chili as antimicrobial. Other natural extracts from other plants are excluded. Antimicrobial activity includes bacteria and fungal species.Bacteria species consist of Staphylococcus aureus while fu ngal species consist of Trichophyton rubrum. Dealing with microorganisms might be exposed for contamination. Aseptic technique should be observed. Over 2 plates of microorganisms will be prepared and a many laboratory works will be done. This might lessen the effectiveness of the research data and burden due to human cause. Thats why human patience and strength should be employed to avoid incorrect result. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED literary productions Capsicum Annuum as PlantCapsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. The three species C. annuum, C. frutescens and C. chinense all evolved from a single common ancestor located somewhere in the northwest Brazil Columbia area. his species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the five domesticated capiscums. The name annuum means annual (from the Latin annus year, the plant is not an annual and in the absence of winter frosts can sur vive several seasons and become into a large perennial shrub. The C. nnuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates. The single flowers are an off-white (sometimes purplish) color whilst the stem is densely branched and up to 60centimetres (24 in) tall. When ripe, the fruit may be green, yellow or red. In American English the plant is commonly known as a chili pepper or bell pepper. Sweet peppers are very often used as a bulking agent in cheap flying made meals/take-away food as they are cheap, have a strong flavour, and are colorful. The colorful aspect of peppers increases the visual appeal of the food, making it more appetizing.Capsaicin, a chemical found in chili peppers, creates a burning sensation once ingested which can last for several hours after ingestion. In British English, the sweet varieties are called red or green peppers, and the hot varieties chillies whereas in Australian and Indian English the name capsicum is commonly used for bell peppers exclusively and chilli is often used to encompass the hotter varieties. Uses of Capsicum Annuum The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilis with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world.Hot peppers are used in medicine in Africa and other countries. It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna (acute diptheria) and scarlatina maligna (malignent cherry-red fever, used either as a gargle or administered internally. It is also considered efficacious for a wide variety of symptoms including sore throat nd fever. Microorganisms Microorganisms are very diverse they include bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists microscopic plants (green algae) and animals such as plankton and the planarian. Some microbiologists also include viruses, but others consider these as non-living. Most microorganisms are unicellular (single-celled), but this is not universal, since some multicellular organisms are microscopic, while some unicellular protists and bacteria, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye.Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere where there is liquid water, including soil, hot springs, on the ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and deep inside rocks at heart the Earths crust. Microorganisms are exact to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. As some microorganisms can fix atomic number 7, they are a vital part of the nitrogen cycle, and recent studies indicate that airborne microbes may play a role in precipitation and weather.Microbes are also exploited by people in biotechnology, both in traditional food and beverage preparation, and in modern technologies based on genetic engineering. However, pathogenic microbes are harmful, since they invade and grow within other organisms, causing diseases that veil people, other animals and plants. Antimicrobials An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms1 such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes (microbiocidal) or sustain the growth of microbes (microbiostatic).Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body. The history of antimicrobials begins with the observations of Pasteur and Joubert, who discovered that one type of bacteria could prevent the growth of another. They did not know at that time that the reason one bacterium failed to grow was that the other bacterium was producing an antibiotic. Technically, antibiotics are only those substances that are produced by one microorganism that kill, or prevent the growth, of another microorganism.Of course, in todays common usage, the term antibiotic is used to refer to almost any drug that attempts to dislodge your body of a bacteri al infection. Antimicrobials include not just antibiotics, but synthetically formed compounds as well. Antimicrobial nanotechnology is a recent addition to the controvert against disease causing organisms, replacing heavy metals and toxins and may some day be a viable alternative. Infections that are acquired during a hospital visit are called hospital acquired infections or nosocomial infections.Similarly, when the infectious disease is picked up in the non-hospital setting it is considered community acquired. Natural Antimicrobials Many these plants have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobial activity, and a large number of plant products have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. A number of these agents appear to have structures and modes of action that are distinct from those of the antibiotics in current use, suggesting that cross-resistance with agents already in use may be minimal.So, it is worthwhile to study plants and plant products f or activity against resistant bacteria. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Materials Chili Forceps Mortal and mash Bacteria culture Blender Fungal culture Cheese clothSmall circular absorbant paper Beaker Research Design In this study, the antimicrobial activity of Capsicum annum will be measured quantitatively against bacterial and fungal species.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) will be qualitatively determined. Plant Collection and Sampling mode Chili (Capsicum annum) plant will be obtained from the local market of Zamboanga City. Mature chili will be use having a usable size of 1/4 inch in diameter. Chili will be purchased using simple random sampling. This will be applied to all chili vendors in the market. They will be washed in sterile water and will be crushed prior to extraction. Extraction Proce ss The 40g crushed chili will be blended until is reaches a smooth texture. The chili soup will be strained by a cheese cloth and extract the juice.The chili extract will be then set aside for the experiment. Bacterial and Fungal Culture The Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton rubrum will be used in the experiment. These microorganisms will be obtained from Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Data Gathering Procedure The MIC will be evaluated on the chili extract showing an antimicrobial activity. From the chili extract, a small circular absorbent paper will be soaked and place on the surface of the cultured microorganism. After 2 days. Result will be observed. The zone of inhibition

Conceptualizing Addiction Paper Essay

IntroductionFor many years, individuals have battled substance abuse and dependence. My position comes from hearing close it, having seeing results from it, and reading about it, too developing my own thoughts about colony. Weil and Rosen (1993) believe that a medicine use (and addiction) results from humans longing for a sense of completeness and wholeness, and searching for satisfaction outside of themselves. McNeece and DiNitto (2012) says the power why people continue to use drugs to the point of becoming a physically and/ or psychologically dependent on them be to a greater extent complex, round have tried to explain this phenomenon as a deficit in clean-living values, a illness, conditioning or learned behavior, or as a genetic prosperity. Still some see it as a rewiring of the brain (Mc Neece & DiNitto, 2012).At this point, in that location is no one single theory that adequately explains addiction (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). addiction is not easily defined. For some , it involves the continued, self-administered use of a substance despite substance- related problems, and it results in tolerance for the substance, withdrawal from the substance, and compulsive drug- taking behavior repayable to cravings or drives to use the substance (Schuckit, 1992, p. 182). No single theory adequately describes the etiology of addiction or dependence (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Most clay sculptures of addiction is an addictive ailment (Washton, 1989, p.55). In this paper leave alone compare and contrast the moral manikin and the disease model conceptualizing addiction. Describe the two on how they take competing views on addiction, and a summary on a theory that can be most useful in helping to intervene on addiction.The Moral Model genius of earliest theories offered to explain the etiology of addiction is humankinds sinful nature (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Since it is difficultto show empirical evidence of a sinful nature, the moral model of addiction has been generally discredited by modern scholars. However, the legacy of treating alcoholism and drug addiction as sin or moral impuissance continues to influence public policies regarding alcohol and drug abuse (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Competing ViewsThe model appeals to our common sense because it is consistent with liberal views. In a liberal society, free will and individual autonomy are highly emphasized and valued ideals (Wilbanks, 1989). Addicts are conceived as free willed individuals making rational choices and the reason they engage in drug use is because they have bad morals. However, individuals with good morals are just likely to use drugs such as alcohol or marijuana. If this is the case separate factors are present. In the face of reality, the moral model is insufficient to capture the phenomenon of drug addiction (Wilbanks, 1989).The Disease ModelThe disease model of addiction rests on three primary assumptions predisposition to use a drug, loss of control over use, and progression (Krivanek, 1988, p.202). These physiological alterations cause an undeniable desire to take more drugs (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Addicts are viewed as individuals with an incurable disease with drug addiction as the symptom. The disease model argues users cannot be held accountable for their addictions (Kirvanek, 1988).Competing ViewsAs the disease model argues that there is no cure for addiction, the only treatments available aims to reduce or suppress the urge to use drugs (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Firstly, addicts are encouraged to acknowledge that they have a complaint that cannot be dealt with alone and to seek help from professionals such as counselors and therapist (Schaler, 1991). For instance, Narcotics Anonymous uses twelve step program where addicts must first admit that they are powerless over their addictions and must appeal to a power greater that themselves to overcome addictions. Critics of the disease model believes that it takes responsibility a way from the addicts and instead characterizes them as victims (Schaler, 1991, Wilbanks 1989). correspond and ContrastThe moral model describes addiction as exclusively a matter of choice, where the disease model illustrates it as something that is beyond the control of the individual. With the disease model choice is a factor only insofar as a person actually chooses to treat their disease, not in actually feeding of having the addiction to begin with (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). For instance, where the moral model conceptualizes addiction as a matter or weakness or sin, the public response within this framework is course one where the only appropriate action is a corrective or punitive one (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012).Theory most helpful to intervene on dependenceThe two models are very different, with the moral model essentially discounting most of what hard sciences offers, and the disease model embracing it to a large degree (Miller & Gold, 1990). godliness concept in addiction off er the counselor, and client very little to build on in terms of congruence, because they also dismiss physiological, and neurobiological factors as a cause of addiction (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). So with that been said the disease model would be most useful helping to intervene on addiction. Conversely the disease model allows the counselor to illustrate an individuals addiction as something that can be explained in terms of hard science, as well as in terms of how an individual has certain obligations inside the healing process (Comer, 2004).ConclusionIn conclusion writing this paper was very interesting, and informational accomplishment about the different models they have to help with drug or alcohol addiction. Comparing and contrasting the moral model and the disease model was helpful in spirit the differences they both had to offer, and competing views. Also being able to choose one model to which would be helpful in intervention of addiction was pretty interesting doing res earch, and learning that the disease model would work well for intervention purposes. Lastly, McNeece & DiNitto (2012), says no single theory adequately describes the etiology of addiction or dependence.ReferencesMcNeece, C. A., & DiNitto, D. M. (2012). Chemical dependency A systemsapproach (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Krivanek, J. (1988). Heroin Myths and realities Sydney Allen & Unwin. Schaler, J. A. (2000). Addiction is a choice. Chicago Open court. Schuckit, M. A. (1992). Advances in understanding the vulnerability to alcoholism. In C.P. OBrien & J. H. Jaffe (Eds.). Addiction states (pp.93-108). New York Raven Press Wahshton, A. M. (1988). Cocaine addiction Treatment, recovery, and relapse prevention. New York W. W. Norton. Wilbanks, W. (1989). The danger in viewing addicts as victims A critique of the disease model of addiction. Criminal Justice Policy. Comer, R. J. (2009). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology. New York Worth Miller, N. S., Gold M. (1990).The disea se and the adaptive models of addiction. A re-evaluation Journal of Drug Issues, 20(1), 29-30

Book Analysis on “New York Burning” Essay

impudent York Burning is a book written by Jill Lepore narrating a story almost parts of history in parvenue York City. The book implies as to how single sort of slavery made such type of liberty in forward-looking York during 18th century, as NY was considered a dazzling city as the people will see such paved streets with parks and beech trees shading akin of parasol with good oysters as there can be miserable truth of having no freedom.As the author of the book workforcetions that the city of newborn York has flex city of slavery as it happened and having two hundred slaves being alleged of conspiring to blaze each structure and assassination of the whites as the book mentions that there were men and women being sold into slavery in the Caribbean and the alleged ringleaders were hanged and pardoned. Thus, there were enslaved men and women being conspired that involved deep indication of shew as there is value of survival and excavation as the conspiracy of the slaves will imply the casting of violent shadow as it parallels to the semipolitical scene.Slavery was whence a political issue still, what occurred in New York suggests that there was exertion of authoritative influence dealing to the political existence as the slaves were being suspected of conspiracy as the book describes in the first two chapters. There was emergence of political parties but there are also those critical months of having political antagonism by means of burning black men in a sudden motion.The readers of New York Burning will be able to learn such wide situations concerning the politically-inclined ruthless English immigrant, by the name of Daniel Horsmanden as the court justice at the New York Supreme Court as Daniel played a significant role for the transmutation of sequences relating to robberies as easily as disbelieving fires and Horsmanden has shaped the past memory of terrible and not known incidence. EVALUATIONThe author of the book, Jill Lepore then rescue H orsmanden from darkness and places him on trial in the horrible burnings as well as hangings carried out through justice in Lepores inventive retelling of catastrophic events as Lepore saw New Yorks unstable political days and certain ideas informed as it is crucial for the understanding of the plot flap as Lepore believes that what transpired during the year 1741 was clear in light of continuing the discussion regarding freedom and slavery that originated in 18th-century English political civilization in New York City.The parallelism amid the challenge over the accurate to utter opinion in publishes and desire of slaves to expand personal liberty that was outstanding to the people. Amicably, Lepore succeeded in persuading her readers about the run for of logical sanctions in looking at the city of New York as there was the presence of the enslaved blacks determined to be heard as there guessing of political adversary as frightening as it was.There was Lepores expedition into th e characteristics of New York City that includes such wellbeing and hygiene issues as well as the job routine of imprisoned men. The author of New York Burning demonstrated a well-developed communications system having the major node at comfortablenesss glowing joined by discrete slaves mutually. Whether the countrys blacks were being far connected than the whites had think of as there ever conspired in committing the actions as emotional that remain unlock question.In the book, Horsmanden was being keen to provide credibility to assumption that mayhem was intended and subtly un akinly confession of the African Americans who were frantic to set aside the value of life but, such possible criminals in view as to whom Horsmanden had documented as the well-known unmarried Catholics have twisted in obliterating as there was the alleged evidence of Catholic organization as personified in person of John Ury, another supreme authority that allocated responsibility for disaster in New Y ork into overarching Catholic scheme.Moreover, Jill Lepore discerns diverse plots of unlike degree of likelihood as Lepore train her interests on plots that encouraged the New Yorkers to pit in placing of bereavement of many slaves and deport of others and there downplays the position of non-Catholic emotion within catastrophe that occurred.Thus, Lepores New York Burning has done a marvellous post of demystifying Horsmandens powerful manuscript and changes how the people believe about years in the history of New York as one important ascendant that Lepore pursues, is the unsafe lawful events that positioned stern limitations on civil liberties of the black defendants as they had nix right to have guidance and if Horsmanden is envoy, there can be ridiculed evidence as disliked.Moreover, in the book, Lepore had discovered certain religious timbre as the author noted that few slaves like for instance, the Portuguese-influenced Angola and Kongo had come across the presence of Christi anity in African region. Henceforth, Jill Lepore explained and discussed the labor of Anglican catechist and has portrayed how several Protestants opposed the initiation of slaves because of fear that it can impudent the belief for freedom. Furthermore, Lepore seems to float along with unreeling story of scheme as can be partially true and adding up the drama as Lepore merge her voice with the witnesses.Aside, Lepore reported on rules and made criminals of priests ingoing the settlement of curse in New York of a lurking offshore. Amazingly, Lepore offers no clear conclusion about whether there was really a plot of Horsmandens diary having approval but still there is less doubt that the action case was bogus as the author of the book has also shed grave hesitation on veracity among confessions in viewing that prosecutors have urge admission as best way for accused in run off for his finish.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the book was well-written and thoroughly researched that has a grippi ng account of proceedings that led to the bonfires of the Negroes as the authors description is vibrant and challenging and has evoke New York in its ethical and corporeal scruffiness within vision of freedom.Upon its ending, there were thirteen slaves being burned and seventeen being dangled and hundreds were locked up as Lepore writes the prison is like the hull slave craft and argued that some slaves were plotting alongside masters of Masonic ceremonies and masquerade priests. In New York Burning, Jill Lepore describe theatrical events with fall apart breaking direct as there explores the social climate of epoch but, Lepore noticeably show how danger of black revolt had united the white pluralities of cultural panic and aggression.Thus, Lepores meticulous research confronted the reader with dreadful ending as the respected citizens will permit to death of humans as the author, Lepore provide the reader with better milieu on approaches of New York whites headed for slaves and Le pore has done magnificent job of past investigation and understanding and straddling better column amid accepted work and works of educational account.Therefore, Jill Lepores use of the position and instance is motivating and Lepores account of New York Burning has brought useful awareness behind the beautiful story it has precondition to the readers of history. New York Burning by Jill Lepore was really an eye-catching book endowed by masterpiece encircles with lush minds eye in surpassing blend that is phenomenal learning and terrific writing as Lepore implies that the.New York Burning informs a matter of terrible story in city which was blooming(a) than Salem along the pursuits of slavery with development of actions that surrounds the American Revolution denoting a serious instances from within the book content. I agree that New York Burning was an exceptional book by Jill Lepore that has exposed the dismay of slavery as the book describes in immense facet of independence in lieu to slavery realities in New York.Then, Lepore pointed out the fear of slave rebellion as a reliable theme all throughout the days within colonies. Reference Lepore, J. (2005). New York Burning Liberty, Slavery and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan About the Author Jill Lepore is a Professor of History at Harvard University and also the author of The Name of War tabby Philips War and the Origins of American Identity both won the Bancroft Prize and Phi Beta Kappas Ralph Waldo Emerson Award. Jill Lepore is contributor to The New Yorker and resides in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Project: Data Warehouse and Hotel Management Reservation

This acknowledgment transcends the reality of formalities when I would like to express deep gratitude and respect to all those populate behind the screen who guided, enliven and helped me for the completion of my show work. I consider myself lucky enough to absorb such a honourable project. This project would add as an asset o my academic profile. I express my sincere gratitude to our respectful for enabling me to puddle theatrical role up of laboratory and library facilities liberally, that helped me a long way in carrying appear my project work successfully.I would like to express my thankfulness to my project guide, Mr.. Wallabies Albert for his constant to my parents who hold up encouraged me with their blessings to do this project successfully. Finally I would like to thank to all my friends, all the teaching and non- teaching module members of the IT Department, for all the timely help, ideas and encouragement which helped throughout in the completion of project. Hotel portion outment reservation corpses have live on a common trend in todays business organizations. With the coming of the internet/intranet allthing is Just a visit away.As the Hotel began its quest for the development of Hotel management reservation carcass that would be utilise to serve the whole of England, it becomes every web developers and programmers responsibility to tackle the challenge and this challenge still goes on. As pioneers took on the task, it shitd a programme for contrarys and its from those existing dust that new development are based. The new Hotel management reservation dodging should be designed in a way that guarantees the security of the users data and it should be designed in the close to user friendly way possible, putting in consideration all the accessibility requirements.A hotel booking system has been true with enhancements that cover some of the loopholes discovered in the existing hotel management reservation systems. The object ive of this project is to create a hotel management reservation system where customers put up request for work and accommodation on specified dates. They can et information regarding time, cost, populate and other work offered all at the said(prenominal) time and place. The system displays all the available services, and get on reservation.This system would help the hotels to better serve its customers by ply to their needs. The system would use a Database to hold this information as well as the price of the entourage and availability information for the hotel. Hotel reservation system plays a great role and has a potential performance on day to day performance measures, this type of system have highly evolved from decades due to sigh demand for their use, effective and efficiency in any given institutions and Hotel industries.Due to the rapid change of technology the use of such management system has become a necessity to any given high nurture institution for better perf ormance and is used with quite a large number of users at the same time but it can save time, resources and creates awareness of the evolving technology. Therefore a Hotel Management modesty corpse lead be developed to provide elementary and fast online solution for Customers, Workers, Hotel administrators and Managers in managing orders and reservation take on by customers.It go out allow fundamental interaction of hotel organizations and customers on single platform, allowing customer booking and validation with the simple system. The system pull up stakes be developed to ease the manual process which involves a lot of report card work and it occupies a lot of space and its tiresome to employees. The researchers believe that the knowledge gained in the development of the system will be an effective tool in providing the needed IT skills of the students in the hotel industries. It will be upright to the Hotels since the use of the system as a working tool will improve the d elivery of instruction and prove to be cost-efficient. 2 Background of the Study The project on Hotel Management taciturnity dust is one of the interactive This system can handle almost the entire task necessitate in the Hotel Management being one of the key to raise the organization prestige and status as it saves process time and help to provide better management system. Using this system one can make their managerial aspect of hotel strong and fast. Mainly the program is divide into three aspects, one for administration, staff and other for customer.Hotel Management Reservation arranging is broadcasted throughout in the hotel local ou dickensrk during working hours so that all customers recede can know in detail about hotel and can reserve through the computer erect in their rooms. This system facilitates the manager to keep details localize of any items and services and also trim back them as per requirement. It also enables to calculate all the daily financial achiev ement which includes reservation and booking, billing, restaurant billing, and other accounting module. Using this system one can keep detail on check in and checkout time of every customer visiting the hotel.This system also keeps record of joking the hotel services by the customer so that manager can easily handle such task in less time. Hotel Management Reservation System will be designed aiming to keep good interaction between manager and customers, through the graphical presentation so that both parties will be benefited. The system is developed for easy management of the following types of accommodation like Hotels, Guesthouses, Conference rooms, Villas, resorts and any other room booking which is to be managed on a day-to-day basis.One of the most important skills of Hotel Management Reservation System researcher will have the knowledge of using an on- nine hotel reservation system. Hotel reservation system will be designed to simplify the task of on-line booking and to enabl e hotel to compete in todays demanding and emulous market. The system will provide the customers and clients with a unique, innovative and easy to use interface that improves the way people use the system today. Online users will have to compare prices and facilities in the hotel.Throughout this Project Proposal on Hotel Reservation Management System we will be describing about objectives of this project, functions of the program, flowchart, algorithm, budget and schedule for the project. . 2 Problem record This system is intended to automate the activities of hotel including transactions and service delivery. Most hotels currently use manual and wall base work systems to deliver services to their customers. This requires intending customer to physically appear at the Hotel reception desk avail the data required to prepare his or her accommodation in the hotel rooms.Some of this services provided in hotel are absolutely dense and indeed involve a lot of writing and recording. Co nsequently this leads to wastage of resources in terms of papers, ink and time. The paper work has been associated with a lot of errors, redundancy of data, and misapplication of rooms and lose of funds. Also the records are subjected to thievery and catastrophes like fire, earthquakes and hence the need for a system to cater for all these problems. As well as hospitality services such as accommodation.Bearing in mind that the most critical and necessary use in any service delivering institution is quality of service in which is relative to the time fatigued in delivering it. Then the system will absolutely quicken and optimize these processes in hotels. Furthermore, from the management perspective, the managers will be in a position to control, monitor and manage the business in the shortest time possible, accurately and in efficient manner. Therefore, there is a need of an automated system which will enable them to dispense and monitor all the services in the hotel. . 4 Objecti ves The main objectives of the project will be strong towards the development of such project that will help in reduce the problems encountered with the customers record keeping order and reservation facilities for the costumers in hotel. This yester will be focused on both hotel staff and customer who can manages all hotel tasks in reliable way, saving the precious time. The objectives of this system can be divided into two categories, which are being explained as follow I.Specific Objectives 0 To develop a Hotel management and Reservation system 0 To provide interaction between both the both hotel staffs and customer. To keep the details record of hotel. 0 To keep the detail record of customers. 0 To provide easy way to view details rate of each room in the hotels and reservation for customer. To provide reliable and easy way of booking facilities to customer. total manage and edit the different rates of services. 0 To keep the proper accountancy record of the hotel. 0 To provi de proper billing system for customer. To test and validate the system after it has been developed. TOT evaluate the system and highlight the benefits the system can provide to the hotels and its workers. 1. 3 Aim Considering todays need in the scope of Hotel Management System and other Reservation System, I as the student of DID have planned to developed a system named Hotel Management and Reservation System which will meet almost all the demands required in the field of hotel. This is the system which is mainly made to be in the management of a Hotel and Reservation of Hotel.To achieve this goal of preparation of the system it is very necessary to choose appropriate programming lyric poem which meets the goal in given time and budget. Taking all this in mind I database of the system. ingress is one of the most widely used programming linguistic communications used in creating database all time. As it provides low-altitude access to memory, it required minimal run-time suppor t. Through the use of Microsoft access its going to divide whole composite program into a number of function which make ark simpler.My system will provide lots of services to user like viewing info, editing info, reserving, accounting etc. All these things can be divided into sub-routine which has clearly defined purpose. Microsoft Access is also going to provide file handling system which will be main key to develop my system. My system is the comprehensive system which is going to be consisting of an co-ordinated module for various aspects of Hotel Management and reservation System. As entire modules necessary to hotel are integrated tightly at no additional cost, it saves both time and money for the user.Through this system, the Hotel administration can easily manage their loyalty programs in an effective way. The project Hotel management and Reservation will manage and maintain the records of customers, room in hotels, booking information and other financial transaction of hot el on a database which will be used to store information. The system will provide high security on the data stored on the data base will not be manipulated. The administrator will have the authority to make any change on the data base.The fore strong password will be used to protect the data. Thebe. Et script language will be used in front-end while Access language will be used use in the back-end. In this system, the researcher is going to create a user friendly interface, so that normal persons can add, delete and edit the entries of customers and handle all the transaction easily. 1. 5 Scope of the project The main aim of the researcher coming up with this project is to create a database management system that will be more efficient and easy to use in the hotel.The researcher will focus the study at A-hero Beach Resort, and other related different hotels located within Kampala and Entente town. The system will be implemented by use of different method of research such as question naires and survey in order to interact with workers and customers to get the required information about my area of study. The researcher wills also Interviews on workers and the customers to facilitate my research on this project. Also direct observation will be used in this case and also have an access to the store documents and records found in the hotels.

Film Review Brazil (1985) by Terry Gilliam Essay

Brazil is set in a dystopian future, where society is closely monitored and its freedoms infringed upon by the Ministry of Information. The bring is a humorous approach to the dystopia genre, which isnt surprising given that the charge is directed and co-written by Terry Gilliam (the creator of Monty Python). The film is the story of surface-to-air missile Lowry, who has a boring life working for the Ministry of Information until it changes through a strange events, which shows us ministry as a bureaucratic jail.The sets, costumes and props in Brazil create a dazzling and interesting adult male to see. The film features colourful and fantastic dream sequences which provide an escape from Sams dull life. in spite of the simplicity of the main plot, the movie is full of subtexts and images carrying a message which you may not see them on the first viewing. In one scene, a man is buying clean air from a vend machine on the street. The sides of the streets are walls of billboards wh ich keeps the environment hidden from peoples eyes.In a holiday-decorated retentiveness a small child tells Santa she wants a credit card as a present for Christmas. The film is much more difficult, this may turn some people off. Makers had so many things to say in one movie. First of all this is a film slightly systems breaking down a out of work fly drops into a printer, causing a misprint which leads to a mans death penalisation (Just because of misprint ) heating systems break down, and they cannot repair them because the support system is overstretched. It is also a film about systems destroying humanity.With everyone having their own defined role in the heavyweight system that control every part of the life, nobody has to take personal responsibility for common problems mistakes are almost somebody elses problem, and nobody in reality feels they have do something to change the situation. Brazil is simply unlike anything you have ever seen before. The ending to the film i s particularly powerful, with Gilliam offering us a typical happily-ever-after ending, and then breaking in the final seconds. afterwards all, in such a dystopian society, a happy ending is not only unlikely, only if it is near impossible.

Vdot Paper

Running head VIRGINIA segment OF TRANSPORTATION CASE STUDY Virginia discussion section of Transportation Case Study A high-performance assembly line or body, time after time, attains excellence whilst fashioning a first- swan work atmosphere (Schermerhorn, 2010). The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) was once considered a premier transportation department, precisely over the years their reputation had drive damaged due to budget overruns and a public perception that VDOT could not do its farm out.When Mark Warner was elect governor of Virginia in 2001, he wanted a new commissioner for VDOT that had private sphere experience to upset VDOT around. His search lead him to appoint Philip Shucet, a transportation engineer with both public and private sector experience. This paper will discuss some of the management theories that could have been applied to problems at VDOT, as head as how management has reacted to ch each(prenominal)enges. Next, an environmental analysi s will be conducted and short, mid, and long-term finales will be discussed.Finally, Shucets motivation to take the job and the motivational problems at VDOT will be addressed. Management Theories McGregors possibility X assumes that tidy sum dislike work, lack ambition, be irresponsible and resistant to transplant, and prefer to be led (Oke, 2011, pg. 26). Theory Y assumes that people be willing to work, accept responsibility, and are capable of self-direction and creativity (Oke, 2011, pg. 26). When Shucet arrived at VDOT, Theory X was much more than in place, as is often the case in large bureaucracies.There was little teamwork or communication between departments and no one really knew the side of any of the projects (Clawson & Yemen, 2011). If Shucet implemented Theory Y much of this would change as employees took responsibility for their projects and became motivated to succeed. Frederick Taylors scientific management possibility would also help to remediate performan ce at VDOT. Taylors theory stresses conclusion the skilful workers for the job and training them meliorately (Oke, 2011). D letsizing led to massive retirements of highly skillful workers during the 1990s.This pushed under or unqualified people into positions they were not ready for (Clawson & Yemen, 2005). An evaluation of the staff and their qualifications for their flowing positions could go in a restructuring that would better match skills with job requirements. Implementation of Henri Fayols administrative principles would have had a significant impact on VDOT. Fayol spells out five duties of management foresight, organization, command, coordination, and control (Oke, 2011). While in that respect were deficiencies in all of these categories, two in particular were weak, coordination and control.Coordination is defined as action mechanisms that fit diverse efforts together and fancy that information is shared and problems solved (Oke, 2011, p. 22). As discussed earlier, information sharing was a significant weakness at VDOT. Control is actions that slay sure things happen according to plan and to take necessity corrective action (Oke, 2011, p. 22). Since no one knew the status of the projects, management could not take corrective actions in a seasonably manner. Six Challengers The six challenges in todays workforce are ethics, globalization, technology, knowledge, diversity, and change (Oke, 2011).Ethical issues were a significant problem at VDOT. The commissioner of VDOT was a political appointee and this sometimes led to under-qualified individuals or people with their own agendas being placed in charge of a multi-billion dollar organization (Trying to Keep Virginia Moving, 2005). The accommodation of Shucet corrected this, as he did not have political aspirations and was concerned only about acquire VDOT functioning correctly for the long-term. Globalization was not much of a factor at VDOT since they are a governmental entity that does no t compete on the open market and their business is entirely located in Virginia.Shucet noticed quickly that there were technologies available to the employees that were not being utilized efficiently or effectively. This change magnitude workloads and reduced the communication. VDOT had lost a significant portion of their most knowledgeable workers to early retirements and resources needed to be devoted to improving the knowledge and skills of the current workforce. Diversity is a challenge in all organizations, but was not specifically addressed in this case study. The final challenge is change, which is often difficult for large, bureaucratic organizations like VDOT.There was much that needed to change, from the organizational structure, to communications, to major procedures such as budgeting and tracking of projects. undercover businesses are forced to change to keep pace with competition. However, until Shucet arrived, VDOT did not have the necessary motivators to implement t he necessary changes. Environmental Analysis The specific and general environment conditions played a pivotal role in the effectiveness and trustworthiness of the VDOT organization before Shucet was hired. The organization was barraged with scrutiny from both ends of the hierarchical spectrum.The politicians in Virginia created an concept that VDOT was both poorly managing and severely under-funding their proposed projects. Virginia citizens were also criticizing VDOT wondering and if their tax dollars were being spent properly (Darden, 2005). VDOT is a government organization that must face the pressures of scrutiny from many groups and should have had answers to provide the stakeholders. The taxpayers had a right to know why projects were being under-funded, why approximately 15% of VDOTs projects were deprivation unfinished and what they were going to do about urinateing it.Unfortunately, VDOT did not have the answers (Darden, 2005). Economic conditions were negatively impacti ng VDOT. They did not have the current or projected revenue enhancement to complete the projects within the six-year plan. Their estimates were based on expected race ontogenesis in Virginia as well as expected growth in tax revenue that the population increase would generate. When the projections fell short it resulted in VDOTs projects not being fully funded. The political conditions created a sense of tension among VDOT and the many political bodies that had influence over it.In addition, local politicians were publicly criticizing their own transportation department, demeaning the organization in the eyes of its most critical stakeholder, the taxpayers of Virginia. Goals Based on the environmental analysis, one short-term goal for VDOT would be to decrease the political impact on the organization. Governor Warner polished this goal by appointing Shucet and then leaving him alone. In an interview, Shucet said that in the three years since graceful commissioner, the governor had called him about six times (Bacon, 2004, n. p. ).This allowed VDOT to plan for the long-term and not just to meet a political agenda. Another short-term goal would be to make VDOT more transparent to the public. Shucet did this by creating a website showing the status and cost of all of the VDOTs projects (Bacon, 2004). A mid to long-term goal would be increasing the completion rate of VDOTs projects. In Shucets second year, VDOTs completion rate increased to 39% and was expected to meet its projection of 60% in year three. The long-term goal was to reach a completion rate of 80% (Bacon, 2004). Both of these goals should decrease the taxpayers displeasure with VDOT.VDOT was experiencing significant revenue shortfalls. Rather than just raising taxes to increase revenue, a final long-term goal would be to change the focus of transportation planning in Virginia away from just building new roads to finding new, more economical solutions to the states transportation problems (Bacon, 2004). This goal will help to ensure the taxpayers are getting the most value for their tax dollar. Shucets Motivation There are a payoff of theories that could apply to the motivating factor that led to Shucet taking on the VDOT commissioner position. However, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs provides an smooth one.Shucet had met all of his lower order needs and was looking to fulfill his need for self-actualization through creative and repugn work, by having decision making authority, and by being autonomous (Oke, 2011). VDOT was a complex problem. This was an opportunity for Shucet to fix the third largest transportation department and regain their status as one of the best departments of transportation in the country. The commissioner of VDOT is a high-ranking state position and Governor Warner allowed him the autonomy he needed to freely make decisions to improve the department.Motivational Theories Motivational theory is composed of four sections content, process, reinforcement, and job enrichment. Herzbergs two-factor theory is a content theory that states that by increasing satisfier factors, a manager can increase job satisfaction. front to Shucets arrival, individuals were not accountable for their projects. By making individuals more accountable and acknowledging accomplishments, Shucet could motivate his employees to perform better. anticipation theory, a process theory, links achievement and pay back to performance.Because of the lack of accountability under prior commissioners, there was not a link between performance and achievement, and most likely no rewards system. People are motivated to work harder if they know it will make a difference and that there is a reward for them. By implementing a rewards system, VDOT could motivate their employees to accomplish the mission of the organization. Positive reinforcement strengthens or increases the frequency of enviable behavior by making a pleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence (Oke, 201 1, p. 93). With all of the public scrutiny of VDOT, morale was very low.By identifying the things the groups were doing well and by providing praise and other rewards as new goals were accomplished, Shucet could turn the attitudes of the employees around. Job enrichment increases job scope and job depth (Oke, 2011). Since one of the goals of VDOT was to hold individuals more accountable for their projects, enriching their jobs would allow them the flexibility and authority to truly take ownership of their jobs. When employees feel they have a stake in the outcome of a project they are more motivated to do well. discussionEven when an organization is as dysfunctional as VDOT was, there are numerous tools available to managers to improve their organizations. Everything from the structure of the organization as a whole to the definition of each individuals job contributes to the success or failure of an organization. The ability to implement the correct tool for the situation at the c orrect time is what sets great managers apart from the rest. References Bacon, J. A. (2004). The Shucet Shakeup. Retrieved October 5, 2011 from http//www. baconsrebellion. com/Issues04/09-07/Bacon. htm Clawson, J. G. & Yemen, G. (2005).Virginia Department of Transportation Trying to Keep Virginia Moving. Charlottesville, VA Darden Business Publishing. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from http//it. darden. virginia. edu/VDOT/studentWeb/ content/index. htm? revivify=128 Oke, R. (2011). Management and organizational behavior. Hoboken, NJ Wiley Custom Learning Solutions. Custom text ISBN 13 9780470942710 Schermerhorn, J. R. (2010). Management. (10th ed). Hoboken, NJ butt Wiley & Sons, Inc. Trying To Keep Virgina Moving. (2005). Retrieved October 14, 2011, from http//it. darden. virginia. edu/VDOT/studentWeb/content/index. htm? speed=128